The protein encoded by this gene is one of the eight subunits of COP9 signalosome, a highly conserved protein complex that functions as an important regulator in multiple signaling pathways. The structure and function of COP9 signalosome is similar to that of the 19S regulatory particle of 26S proteasome. COP9 signalosome has been shown to interact with SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligases and act as a positive regulator of E3 ubiquitin ligases. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding dis

The protein encoded by this gene can hydrolyze substrates such as AMP-morpholidate, AMP-N-alanine methyl ester, AMP-alpha-acetyl lysine methyl ester, and AMP-NH2. The encoded protein interacts with these substrates via a histidine triad motif, which is part of the loop that binds to the substrate. This gene has been found to be a tumor suppressing gene. Several transcript variants, but only one of them protein-coding, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012].

The transforming growth factor Beta (TGF Beta) superfamily is composed of numerous growth and differentiation factors, including TGF Beta 1-3, Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS), growth/differentiation factor (GDF) 1-9, bone morphogenic protein (BMP) 2-8, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), Inhibin Alpha, Beta-A, Beta-B and Beta-C, Lefty and Nodal. Members of the TGF Beta superfamily are involved in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Ectodermal cells throu

This gene encodes a member of the transducers of regulated cAMP response element-binding protein activity family of transcription coactivators. These proteins promote the transcription of genes targeted by the cAMP response element-binding protein, and therefore play an important role in many cellular processes. Under basal conditions the encoded protein is phosphorylated by AMP-activated protein kinase or the salt-inducible kinases and is sequestered in the cytoplasm. Upon activation by elev

CYB5R3 is a 301 amino acid protein encoded by the human gene CYB5R3. CYB5R3 belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family and has two naturally occuring isoforms. Isoform 1 is anchored to the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and mitochondrion outer membrane, while isoform 2 is the soluble form found in erythrocytes. CYB5R3 is involved in the desaturation and elongation of fatty acids, cholesterol biosynthesis, drug metabolism and, in erythr