LTK is a member of the ros/insulin receptor family of tyrosine kinases. Tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of proteins is a key to the control of diverse pathways leading to cell growth and differentiation. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Heterotrimeric G proteins function to relay information from cell surface receptors to intracellular effectors. Each of a very broad range of receptors specifically detects an extracellular stimulus (a photon, pheromone, odorant, hormone or neurotransmitter) while the effectors (i.e., adenyl cyclase), which act to generate one or more intracellular messengers, are less numerous. In mammals, G protein Alpha, Beta and Gamma polypeptides are encoded by at least 16, 4 and 7 genes, respectively. M

N4BP1 is an 896 amino acid protein that belongs to the N4BP1 family. N4BP1 primarily localizes to nucleolus, however it also localizes to PML nuclear bodies when desumoylated. Detected in heart, lung, brain, liver, skeletal muscle, pancreas, kidney, spleen, testis and ovary, N4BP1 is phosphorylated upon DNA damage probably by ATM or ATR. N4BP1 interacts with Nedd4, a protein with a wide range of activities including modification of ubiquitin-protein ligase, regulation of membrane channels ａnd

MVK encodes the peroxisomal enzyme mevalonate kinase. Mevalonate is a key intermediate, and mevalonate kinase a key early enzyme, in isoprenoid and sterol synthesis. Mevalonate kinase deficiency caused by mutation of MVK results in mevalonic aciduria.